Objective To develop an automatic molluscicide infusing and drip penetration device for snail control with niclosamide suspension, and to provide a novel method for killing Oncomelania hupensis under special conditions. Methods The drip penetration technique, as well as water conveyance boosting and continuous molluscicide infusing, was used to develop an automatic molluscicide infusing and drip penetration device for snail control. The snail control effect and cost of this device were evaluated. Data were gathered by Excel 2016 software, and the Chi-square test was performed by SPSS 16.0 software to determine the mortality and adjusted mortality of O. hupensis. Results The automatic molluscicide infusing and drip penetration device for snail control consisted of four parts:boosting water conveyance, filtration purification, automatic molluscicide infusing, and drip penetration pipe network; the rated power of booster pump was 4 kW, the proof pressure of filter was 800 kPa, and the single-hole flow of drip penetration pipe was 0-2 L/h. In group A (2-meter space between two drip penetration pipes), group B (1-meter space between two drip penetration pipes), and group C (spraying control), the adjusted mortality rates of snails were 67.08%, 75.71%, and 66.22%, respectively, after 7 days of molluscicide application, and there was a significant difference in the adjusted mortality between the three groups ( χ ²=8.809, P=0.012); the adjusted mortality rates of snails were 75.15%, 79.27%, and 78.34%, respectively, after 15 days of molluscicide application, and there was no significant difference in the adjusted mortality between the three groups ( χ ²=1.369, P=0.504); the density of live snails decreased by 80.78%, 83.81%, and 80.63%, respectively, after 30 days of molluscicide application. The total cost of an automatic molluscicide infusing and drip penetration device for snail control was 9 805 yuan, of which the mobile equipment accounted for 68.33%, and the fixed drip penetration pipe network accounted for 31.67%. If the service life of the pipe network was set as 10 years, the average cost of the pipe network equipment for snail control per year was 0.16 yuan/m ². Conclusion The automatic molluscicide infusing and drip penetration device for snail control is labor-saving, efficient, and practical. It is advised that the space between two drip penetration pipes should be set as 1 metwer.

Objective To perform species identification of Brucella isolated from the whole blood of Marmota himalayana by PCR. Methods A total of 245 whole blood samples were collected from M. himalayana in Qinghai province, China in 2016. Serum was isolated, and the Rose Bengal plate test and the tube agglutination test were used to detect brucellosis antibody. The blood culture method was used to perform bacterial culture of the whole blood samples of M. himalayana with positive antibody. The test results were observed and suspected Brucella strains were isolated and purified. Smear microscopy and the bacteriophage lysis test were performed for the purified suspected Brucella strains, nucleic acid was extracted to prepare templates, and then BCSP31-PCR and AMOS-PCR were used to identify Brucella strains. Results One suspected Brucella strain was isolated with the same morphology and staining characteristics as Gram-negative bacilli. The bacteriophage lysis test showed lysis of BK ₂ and non-lysis of Tb, and the strain could agglutinate with the single-phase specific serum A and M; therefore, the strain was identified as Brucella melitensis type Ⅲ. BCSP31-PCR agarose gel electrophoresis showed a specific target band at 223 bp, and AMOS-PCR agarose gel electrophoresis showed a specific target band at 731 bp; the strain was proved to be B. melitensis. Conclusion A Brucella strain is isolated for the first time from 245 whole blood samples of M. himalayana and is confirmed to be B. melitensis by PCR in Qinghai province.

Objective To grasp the current status of termite damage to ancient buildings in Nantong, China, and to strengthen the protection of these ancient buildings in Nantong. Methods The method of field survey combined with comprehensive and focused surveys were used to investigate the current status of termite damage to the ancient buildings in 43 cultural relic protection units above the municipal level in Chongchuan, Gangzha, Tongzhou, and the Economic Development District of Nantong. The termites collected inside and outside the ancient buildings were made into specimens and brought back to the laboratory for morphological identification, and the termite damage grade to ancient buildings was evaluated according to the relevant evaluation standards. Results A total of 43 ancient buildings were investigated from March 4 to July 15, 2019, and 25 of them were found to have suffered from varying degrees of termite damage, with a termite damage rate of 58.1%. Based on the identification of the termite specimens collected, it was found that the harmful species for ancient buildings belonged to 3 species, 2 genera, 1 family; two species of them were Reticulitermes chinensis and R. flaviceps belonging to the family Rhinotermitidae, genus Reticulitermes, and the other one species was Coptotermes formosanus belonging to the family Rhinotermitidae, genus Coptotermes. According to a statistical analysis, the damage to ancient buildings was mainly caused by Reticulitermes, of which R. chinensis was the dominant species with a damage rate of 44.2%, which was substantially higher than that of R. flaviceps (14.0%) and C. formosanus (4.7%). The grade assessment of termite damage was carried out in 25 ancient buildings, and the results showed that the termite damage levels belonging to grade Ⅰ, Ⅱ, and Ⅲ accounted for 30.2%, 18.6%, and 9.3% of the total number of surveys, respectively; among them, 2 ancient buildings were seriously damaged with a damage level of gradeⅢ, so it is urgent to carry out comprehensive termite control. Conclusion The status of termite damage to ancient buildings in Nantong has been preliminarily grasped, which provides a scientific basis for the decision-making and implementation of comprehensive termite prevention and control in ancient buildings in Nantong, China.

Objective To investigate the fauna of mosquitoes in Tibet autonomous region, China. Methods From August to September, 2017, Aedes in various breeding sites of Southeastern Tibet were sampled, made into specimens, and subjected to taxonomic identification. Results Among the genus Aedes collected in Motuo county, a total of 6 species from 5 subgenera were identified, i.e., Ae. ( Dan.) albotaeniatus (Leicester, 1904) from the subgenus Danielsia, Ae. ( Pha.) assamensis (Theobald, 1908) from the subgenus Phagomyia, Ae. ( Ken.) dissimilis (Leiceaster, 1908) from the subgenus Kenknightia, Ae. ( Col.) macfarlanei (Edwands, 1914) from the subgenus Collessius, and Ae. ( Ste.) malikuli (Huang, 1973) and Ae. ( Ste.) pseudalbopictus (Borel, 1928) from the subgenus Stegomyia. Among them, the subgenera Danielsia, Phagomyia, and Kenknightia and the six mosquito species were first identified in Tibet, which were new records of the subgenera and species of mosquitoes in Tibet. In this article, a brief description and report was made on the important morphological characteristics, distribution areas, breeding sites, and the structural diagram of male terminalia of these six mosquito species. In addition, a directory was provided for the 13 subgenera and 23 species (subspecies) of Aedes currently known in Tibet. Conclusion There are 13 subgenera and 23 species (subspecies) of Aedes in Tibet, which account for 46% and 20%, respectively, of the total numbers of subgenera and species of Aedes in China.

Objective To investigate the species composition of adult mosquitoes in residential areas of Nong county of Savannakhet province in southern Lao PDR, and to provide a scientific basis for developing prevention and control strategies and measures for local important mosquito-borne diseases. Methods Adult mosquitoes were captured using the light-trap method (overnight) and electric mosquito trap method in residential areas, and all mosquitoes were identified by morphological classification. Results A total of 9 415 mosquitoes belonging to 44 species in 11 genera of 3 subfamilies were captured in residential areas of Nong county of Savannakhet province from August to September, 2018. Armigeres subalbatus and Culex tritaeniorhynchus were dominant species, accounting for 44.43% (4 183/9 415) and 20.73% (1 952/9 415) of total collected adult mosquitoes, respectively; Anopheles minimus, Aedes albopictus, and Ae. aegypti had lower proportions, accounting for 1.96% (184/9 415), 1.09% (103/9 415), and 0.54% (51/9 415) of total collected adult mosquitoes, respectively. Conclusion Mosquito species are abundant in Nong county of Savannakhet province in southern Lao PDR. Culex tritaeniorhynchus (Japanese encephalitis vector), An. minimus (malaria vector), and Ae. albopictus and Ae. aegypti (dengue vectors) are distributed in this region, so it is suggested that the local healthy department should strengthen the monitoring of important mosquito-borne disease vectors mentioned above.

Objective To investigate and understand the fauna of mosquitoes in Tibet Autonomous Region. Methods From August to September, 2017, investigation and sampling, specimen preparation, and taxonomic identification were performed for mosquito larvae collected from various types of breeding sites in southeastern Tibet. Results A batch of specimens of genus Tripteriodes was collected in Motuo county, and two species of mosquitoes, Tripteriodes ( Rac.) aranoides (Theobald, 1901) and Tr. ( Tri.) similis (Leicester, 1908), were identified. This genus and the two species were found in Tibet for the first time. This article briefly reports the important morphological characteristics, distribution area, breeding environment, and the structure of the male terminalia of this genus and its two species of mosquitoes. Conclusion So far, there are two subgenera and two species of the genus Tripteriodes in Tibet.

Objective To investigate the fauna of mosquitoes in Tibet Autonomous Region, China. Methods From August to September, 2017, investigation and sampling, specimen preparation, and taxonomic identification were performed for mosquito larvae in various types of breeding sites in southeastern Tibet. Results A batch of Aedes specimens were collected in Motuo and was identified as subgenus Aedes and Ae. ( Aed.) mubiensis Luh et Shih, 1958, which were discovered for the first time in Tibet Autonomous Region and were the new records of local subgenus and species. Aedes ( Aed.) mubiensis was once found only in Guangxi, Guizhou and Sichuan in southwestern China. It is similar to Ae. ( Aed.) esoensis in northeastern China. However, the two species can be distinguished according to the shape of the end of male basimere, the number of long bristles near the middle inner margin, and the width of the wrinkle zone on the inner margin of dorsal base.This article briefly describes and reports the main morphological characteristics, distribution area, breeding environment, and male terminalia of this subgenus and mosquito species. Conclusion Up to now, there are 17 known species of Aedes in Tibet.

Objective To investigate the fauna of mosquitoes in Tibet Autonomous Region, China. Methods From August to September, 2017, investigation and sampling, specimen preparation, and taxonomic identification were performed for mosquito larvae in various types of breeding sites in southeast Tibet. Results A batch of Topomyia specimens were collected in Motuo county and were identified as the following three species: Topomyia ( Sua.) houghtoni Feng, 1941, Topomyia ( Top.) zhengi Gong, 1991, and Topomyia ( Top.) hirtusa Gong, 1989. Topomyia ( Top.) hirtusa was discovered for the first time in Tibet and was a new record of local mosquito species. This article reports and briefly describes the main morphological characteristics, distribution areas, breeding environment, and structure of male terminalia of the three mosquito species. Conclusion Up to now, three species belonging to two subgenera of Topomyia are known in Tibet.

Objective To investigate the fauna of mosquitoes in Tibet Autonomous Region, China. Methods From August to September, 2017, investigation and sampling, specimen preparation, and taxonomic identification were performed for mosquito larvae in various types of breeding sites in southeastern Tibet. Results A batch of specimens of the genus Aedes were collected in Motuo county, Linzhi. Among them, Aedes ( Diceromyia) whartoni Mattingly, 1965 was identified. The subgenus and species, which were first found in Tibet Autonomous Region and Yunnan province, were a new record of subgenus and species in China. This article briefly describes and reports the main morphological characteristics, geographical distribution, breeding environment, and male terminalia structure of the subgenus Diceromyia and the species whartoni of Aedes. Conclusion Up to now, 16 species of Aedes are known in Tibet.

Objective To investigate the distribution of mosquito vectors and prevalence of mosquito-borne diseases in the southwest border regions of Yunnan province, China, and to provide a basis for the prevention and control of such diseases. Methods From 2013 to 2015, the methods of mosquito lamp and human landing collection were used to collect mosquitoes in Dai-Lahu-Va Autonomous County of Menglian, Menghai, and Hani-Yi Autonomous County of Jiangcheng of Yunnan. A kit was used to extract DNA and RNA, and RT-PCR and nucleotide sequencing were used to obtain the gene sequence of pathogens. Biological software including Clustal X1.83, DNASTAR 7.1, and MEGA 5.0 were used for nucleotide sequence analysis and phylogenetic analysis. Results A total of 126 893 mosquitoes of 39 species in 10 genera were collected, among which there were 104 476 Culex tritaeniorhynchus mosquitoes (82.33%), 18 422 Anopheles sinensis mosquitoes (14.52%), 1 212 Aedes albopictus mosquitoes (1.00%), and 891 Cx. pipiens quinquefasciatus mosquitoes (0.70%). Two strains of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) were isolated from Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, and Plasmodium, filaria, and other flaviviruses were not detected. Conclusion There are various vector mosquitoes in the border regions of Yunnan. Cx. tritaeniorhynchus and An. sinensis are dominant species in the local area. The isolated JEV suggest that the virus be prevalen in the southwest border regions of Yunnan, and therefore, the monitoring of key vector mosquitos should be enhanced.

Objective To investigate the prevalence of brucellosis in Dari county, Qinghai province, China, and to provide a reference for developing effective prevention and control measures. Methods The data of the brucellosis patients from 2012 to 2016 in Dari county were collected for epidemiological analysis by Excel 2016 software. Results There were 36 cases of brucellosis during 2012-2016 in Dari county, with 14 new cases, all of whom were Tibetans, mainly aged from 20 to 49 years (12 cases). Brucellosis occurred mostly in herdsmen (31 cases); the main route of infection was contact with cattle and sheep (13 cases). Conclusion The epidemic of brucellosis has persisted in recent years, and health education of the key population should be strengthened.

Objective To investigate the fauna of mosquitoes in Tibet Autonomous Region, China. Methods From August to September, 2017, investigation and sampling, specimen preparation, and taxonomic identification were performed for mosquito larvae in various types of breeding sites in the southeastern area of Tibet. Results A batch of Anopheles specimens were collected in Linzhi, and they were identified as Anopheles gigas baileyi, An. lindesayi, An. maculatus, An. willmori, An. pseudowillmori, An. interruptus, and An. bengalensis, among which An. interruptus and An. bengalensis were found for the first time in Tibet and were the new records of mosquito species in this region. This article describes and reports the main morphological characteristics, distribution areas, breeding environment, and structure of male terminalia of the two species. Conclusion Up to now, 12 species of the two subgenera of Anopheles have been found in Tibet; however, the number of species will further increase with the development of mosquito investigation.

Objective To analyze the practice of vector control during the G20 Hangzhou Summit and summarize the working experience, and to provide a reference for vector control in important activities. Methods Through the analysis of possible vector risks during the G20 Hangzhou Summit in 2016, a plan system following the guidance of being overall, special, thematic, and individualized and suitable for the characteristics of Hangzhou's geographical climate and vector biology was established. A four-level prevention and control system based on responsibility implementation was constructed, and a professional and technical team with a complete range of technologies was set up. An emergency mechanism for urban disease prevention and venues protection was established. Together with the implementation of a comprehensive control strategy, carry out a publicity campaign with distinct themes and progressive stages. The working model of prevention and control was monitoring-oriented, based on a hierarchical and overall supervision and guidance system. All of the work was carried out to guarantee the vector control during the G20 Hangzhou Summit. Results No reported vector infringement, vector-borne infectious diseases, complaints of vector infestation, or dissemination of adverse information was reported. In the early stage of the Summit, the key indicators of mosquitoes, flies, rodents, and cockroaches in the core areas were at a low level, and the mean number of mosquito larvae (or pupae) per spoon, the positive rate of fly breeding sites, and the route index of rodents dropped to 0. Compared with those in May, the route index of mosquito larvae and Breteau index before G20 Hangzhou Summit (August) decreased by 79.4% and 73.9% in the core areas, and the positive rates of indoor cockroach trace, rodent trace, and fly larvae breeding sites decreased by 69.0%, 66.1%, and 100%, respectively. Conclusion Through the establishment of vector prevention system, implementation of responsibility, promotion of participation of the whole population, and carrying out of the comprehensive prevention strategies, no incidents of vector infringement, vector-borne infectious diseases, complaints about vector invasion, and bad media information dissemination have been achieved, thus providing a reference for vector control in important activities in China.

Objective To investigate the fauna of mosquitoes in Tibet Autonomous Region, China. Methods From August to September, 2017, investigation and sampling were performed for mosquito larvae in various types of breeding sites in southeastern Tibet. Results The genus of Heizmannia and three mosquito species of Hz. heterospina, Hz. reidi, and Hz. macdonaldi were found and captured for the first time in Tibet. They were the new records of the genera and species of local mosquitoes. This article described and reported the main morphological characteristics, distribution areas, breeding environment, and the structure diagram of male terminalia of the genus and species. Conclusion Heizmannia belongs to the Oriental fauna. The distribution of this genus and related species was found for the first time in southeastern Tibet, suggesting that the mosquitoes in southeastern Tibet with a low altitude belong to the Oriental fauna. In addition, the discovery of this genus and related species shows high diversity of mosquitoes in southeastern Tibet.

Objective To investigate the mosquito species in the residential area around Erhai Lake in Dali, Yunnan province, China, and important features of ecological habit, and to provide a basis for developing local prevention and control measures for mosquito-borne diseases. Methods From September 2016 to August 2017, adult mosquitoes were collected by the mosquito lamp in the residential area around Erhai Lake, and larvae were collected by larvae fishing in different breeding sites during the rainy season from June to September. Morphological identification was performed for all the adult mosquitoes and stage Ⅳ larvae collected. Results A total of 29 667 adult mosquitoes and larvae were collected, with 37 species (subspecies) of 11 genera in 3 subfamilies, including 20 069 adult mosquitoes from 29 species of 7 genera in 2 subfamilies and 9 598 stage Ⅳ larvae from 27 species of 10 genera in 3 subfamilies. Culex tritaeniorhynchus was the dominant species (16 997/20 069, 84.68%); the larvae of Aedes albopictus and Armigeres subalbatus accounted for 26.87% (2 579/9 598) and 20.14% (1 933/9 598), respectively, of all larvae collected. Culex tritaeniorhynchus and Cx. pipiens quinquefasciatus were found during the whole year, with peak population densities in September; rice field, stream, and gutterway were the major breeding sites for the larvae of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, and the water gathered in vase, basin, and pot was the major breeding site for the larvae of Cx. pipiens quinquefasciatus. The main breeding sites for Anopheles sinensis were rice field, stream, and gutterway, with a peak population density in September. The main breeding sites for Ae. albopictus were junked tire, abandoned wells, and landscape pond. Conclusion There are abundant mosquito species in the residential area around Erhai Lake. Culex tritaeniorhynchus, An. sinensis, and Ae. albopictus have various breeding sites, high population numbers, and a wide distribution. Local health authorities should strengthen the monitoring of mosquitoes for mosquito-borne diseases.

Objective To investigate and understand the fauna of mosquitoes in Tibet autonomous region. Methods Mosquito larvae of various breeding habitats in southeastern Tibet were investigated and sampled. Results Genus Toxorhynchites, Udaya, and Orthopodomyia, and species Toxorhynchites gravely, Udaya argyrurus, and Orthopodomyia pheloides were first found in Tibet. They are all new records of mosquitoes in Tibet. In this paper, the main morphological characteristics, distribution area, breeding environment of the three genera and species, and the morphology of male genitalia with the physical specimens are described and reported. Conclusion Due to the relatively low altitude, abundant rainfall and complex climate and environment in southeastern Tibet, mosquitoes are abundant. With the further investigation of the fauna, the genus and species richness of mosquitoes will undoubtedly increase further.

Objective To investigate and understand the fauna of mosquitoes in Tibet autonomous region. Methods Mosquito larvae of various breeding grounds in southeastern Tibet were investigated and sampled. Results Five species of the genus Armigeres were captured. They were Ar. subalbatus, Ar. seticoxitus, Ar. beisasi, Ar. flavus, and Ar. inchoatus. Among them, the latter four species were first found in Tibet. The main morphological characteristics, distribution area, breeding environment of the four newly recorded species and the morphology of the male terminalia based on the authentic specimens were described and reported. Conclusion Due to the relatively low altitude, abundant rainfall and complex climate and environment in southeastern Tibet, the species of the genus Armigeres are relatively rich. With the deepening of the fauna investigation, the species will undoubtedly increase further.

Objective To investigate the prevalence and diversity of spotted fever group rickettsia infection(SFGR) in ticks in northeastern China. Methods Flagging for free-living ticks and off-host(cattle and sheep) collection for parasitic ticks were conducted from 9 counties and Heixiazi Island from Northeastern China, during May to June, 2012-2014. Conventional PCR was carried out using universal SFGR primers targeting ompA genes to screen for their infection with SFG rickettsia organisms in ticks collected. The positive products were sequenced, and molecular phylogenetic tree was established. Results The presence of SFGR was 32 of 280 pools(1 224 ticks) tested, with overall positive rate 11.43%. There were no significant differences in different regions( χ ²=7.683, P=0.566) and in different tick species( χ ²=6.354, P=0.174) for their infection with SFGR rickettsia. The phylogenetic analysis based on nucleotide sequence showed that 14 SFGR DNA sequences belonged to 3 SFGR species:5 samples from Dermacentor silvarum, 1 from each of Haemaphysalis concinna and H. japonica were clustered together with Rickettsia heilongjiangensis 054(AF179362.2) and HL-93(AF179364.1), showing 99.30%-100% identity; 3 samples from H. longicornis were clustered with Candidatus R. hebeiii(QHD-3.HQ651817.1, TS-1.HQ651818.1, QHD-1.HQ651815.1) with 99.83%-100% homogeny; 4 samples from D. silvarum were clustered together with R. sp. DnS14(AF009130.2), and Jilin Strain R. sp. JL-02(AY093696.1) with 98.79%-100% identity. Conclusion The prevalence of SFGR in ticks from Northeastern China was high. There was high diversity in SFG rickettsia species and tick species in the areas surveyed.

Objective Tick-borne pathogens were detected from adult ticks collected in Manchuria port areas on the borders between China, Russia and Mongolia during 2012-2014, to provide basis for monitoring and control of local ticks and tick-borne diseases. Methods The free ticks were collected in the grass and mixed forest areas by hourly flagging method, and parasitic ticks from wild gazelles and other animals by body surface inspection method. RT-PCR was proceeded to detect tick-borne encephalitis virus(TBEV), Crimean-Congo virus(CCHFV), Novel Bunyavirus(NTB); PCR was proceeded to detect Borrelia burgdorferi, Rickettsia, Francisella tularensis, Bartonella, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Babesia, Coxiella burneti from RNA and DNA derived from ticks, respectively. Results A total of 826 adult ticks were collected and identified as Ixodes persuleatus and Dermacentor nuttalli. PCR results for F. tularensis and Babesia spp. were all negative, B. burgdorferi, A. phagocytophilum, Bartonella, CCHFV, NTB, TBEV were identified with statistically significant differences between I. persuleatus and D. nuttalli( χ ²=10.022, 15.776, 16.448, 21.789, 16.448, 16.871, all the P=0.000). Positive results showed as 5.15%(20/388) infection rate from 43 parasitic ticks and 345 free ticks. Borrelia burgdorferi was identified by PCR with statistically significant differences between parasitic and free ticks( χ ²=24.617, P=0.000). Conclusion These findings showed the activities of tick-borne pathogens in Manchuria port, different pathogens were carried by different ticks and was common to see co-infection in ticks. It is necessary to strengthen tick-borne disease surveillance and control in this region.

Objective To analyzes the population composition and seasonal fluctuation of flies in Changping district, Beijing from 2012 to 2016 and provide the basis for flies control. Methods The cage trapping method was ued to capture flies from April to October during 2012-2016. The surveillance sites were chosen in the farmer's market, outdoors of restaurant, the green belts of park, the residential area, the hospital and the hotel in different locations in Changping district. The captured flies were counted and identified, and density calculated. Results In total 6 273 adult flies were captured from 2012 to 2016 and the average density of flies was 3.73 flies/cage. The highest density was found in 2015 (5.98 flies/cage) and the lowest was found in 2016 (1.63 flies/cage). Helicophagella melanura (41.11%), Muscina stabulans (22.88%), and Lucilia sericata (19.34%) were the predominant species. The highest density of flies ground was found in green belt (10.66 flies/cage) and the lowest was found in hotels and restaurants (0.51 flies/cage). Conclusion Integrated control measures with chemical and physical methods before activity peaks should be taken to substantially reduce the density of flies and incidence of fly-borne diseases.

Objective To investigate the resistance level of Aedes aegypti to six commonly used insecticides in Gengma county, Yunnan province. Methods Pupale or eggs of Ae. aegypti were collected in Gengma county of Lincang city and were reared in laboratory to the first generation. The susceptibility of Ae. aegypti to six insecticides were tested by bioassay method. The resistance level was determined by adjusted mortality. Results Aedes aegypti were exposed to 0.03% cyfluthrin, 0.25% permethrin, 0.8% alpha cypermethrin, 0.25% fenitrothion, 0.8% malathion, 0.1% propoxur for 1 h, the knockdown rate was 10.09%, 24.52%, 100%, 90.72%, 100%, and 100%. The mortality after 24 h was 10.09%, 41.94%, 64.17%, 100%, 100%, and 100%. The KT ₅₀ was 9.70, 8.59, 0.47, 5.45, 3.55, and 0.55 accordingly. The test subjects were resistant to cyfluthrin, permethrin, alpha cypermethrin but remained susceptible to fenitrothion, malathion, and propoxur. Conclusion Aedes aegypti in Gengma county, Yunnan province showed concurrent resistant to cyfluthrin, permethrin and alpha cypermethrin. Therefore, the control strategy against Ae. aegypti by insecticides should be reevaluated accordingly in the study area.

Objective To investigate the population, community dominance, diversity, homogeneity and geographical niche of mosquitoes in China-Laos border, so as to provide advices for the prevention and control arboviral diseases and establish a reference for related ecological researches in these districts. Methods Surveillance were conducted in 12 counties and cities in China and Laos around border from 2012 to 2015. Adult mosquitoes were collected by overnight trapping with ovitrap light from August to October of each year. All captured mosquitoes were counted and identified in the laboratory and then computed the community composition, density, community index and geographical niche of mosquitoes. Results Total of 26 061 adult mosquitoes was captured and identified to 58 species of 13 genera in 3 subfamilies. Among them, 20 410 mosquitoes of 46 species of 11 genera in 3 subfamilies were captured in China and 5 651 mosquitoes of 36 species of 10 genera in 2 subfamilies were captured in Laos. The predominant species were Culex tritaeniorhynchus and Anopheles sinensis in the border areas of China and Laos. The proportion for Cx. tritaeniorhynchus in all captured mosquitoes were 52.05%(10 624/20 410)in China and 54.24%(3 065/5 651)in Laos( P>0.05). But the proportion of An. sinensis were higher in China(23.58%, 4 813/20 410)than in Laos(12.42%, 702/5 651)( P<0.05). There is no statistical significance in the average density between captured mosquitoes, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus and An. sinensis( P>0.05). There is no statistical significance in the dominance index, diversity index and homogeneity index( P>0.05). The order of mosquito diversity in counties along the border of China and Laos from high to low was Phongsaly, Louangphrabang, Luangnamtha, Houayxay, Oudomxay, Jinghong, Jiangcheng, Mengla, Mengxing, Simao, Menghai and Bengtai. The mosquitoes with maximum geographical niche were Cx. tritaeniorhynchus( B_i=0.810 9), Ar. subalbatus ( B_i=0.746 1)and An. kochi( B_i=0.742 6)of 12 counties in the border of China and Laos, An. sinensis( B_i=0.880 2), Cx. tritaeniorhynchus( B_i=0.875 1)and Ar. subalbatus( B_i=0.809 5)in 5 counties of China border and Ar. subalbatus ( B_i=0.944 7), Cx. tritaeniorhynchus( B_i=0.895 1), and An. barbirostris( B_i=0.880 8)in 7 counties of Laos border. Conclusion The populations of mosquitoes in the border of China and Laos were highly diverse, homogeneous distribution among communities, with stable composition and similar ecological characteristics. Culex tritaeniorhynchus and An. sinensis were the predominant species with maximum composition of community, density and geographical niche in these districts.

Objective To investigate mosquito composition,distribution and habitats in Chuxiong prefecture of Yunnan province and provide evidences to prevent local arboviral infectious diseases. Methods Three counties were choosen and then two natural villages in each county were selected randomly from July to August in 2014. Adult mosquitoes were collected by overnight trapping with light trap and double-bednets. Larvaes were collected in different breeding sites around villages. Results A total of 12 711 adult mosquitoes from 23 species of 6 genera in 2 subfamily were collected. Among them, 12 384 adult mosquitoes from 15 species in 4 genera were collected by overnight trapping with light trap and the maximal amount species were Culex tritaeniorhynchus (59.95%). The average population density of adults mosquitoes were 344.00 of each light trap with overnight trap. Besides, a total of 327 individuals were collected from 11 species in 4 genera by double-bednets, of those Aedes albopictus as dengue vector were local predominant species (19.88%). The average population density of adult mosquitoes was 5.90 per labor hour by double-bednets. A total of 8 586 larvae were collected from 22 species of 6 genera in 2 subfamilies, of those Cx. tritaeniorhynchus was the most (27.50%). Conclusion The species richness was high in 3 counties of Chuxiong prefecture and different mosquito species with different habitats. The predominant species were Cx. tritaeniorhynchus. Other four species including Cx. pipiens quinguefasciatus, Anopheles sinensis, An. minimus, and Ae. albopictus were sub-dominant species. Afore mentioned five mosquitoes specises are wild spread with large populations and deserve our attentions.

Objective Through a typical case of brucellosis case report, analysis of its causes, provides information for disease prevention. Methods Analyze the case data, field epidemiological survey data and laboratory test results of this case. Results The rose Bengal plate agglutination is positive and the titer of standard tube agglutination test is 1:200 (++), according to the epidemiological contact history, time of onset, clinical signs and symptoms, laboratory results and case-control studies and based on "Diagnostic Criteria for Brucellosis"(WS 269-2007), diagnosis the patient was in acute stage of brucellosis. Conclusion It is necessary to strengthen the circulation of livestock inspection, immune and management work, control the source of infection in Qinghai province. Residents need to enhance and strengthen the awareness of disease prevention, and do a good job in detecting high risk population of brucellosis, the publicity and education of brucellosis is still the emphasis in future, we must increase strength in publicity and education of brucellosis to the clinical staff, and improve the level of their professional skill, make sure that the brucellosis can be detected, diagnosed, and treated early.

Objective To investigate mosquito species in Muangsing county of Luangmamtha province, Lao PDR, providing evident for local important arbovirus infectious diseases. Methods Adult mosquitoes were collected by light-traps method overnight, and 4^th instar larvae were collected from different mosquito breeding sites, identifying them by morphological classification method. Results A total of 21 781 mosquito individuals were collected from 44 species in 11 genera, of those Culex tritaeniorhynchus and Anopheles sinensis belonged to local predominant adult species, their proportions were 54.39% and 39.28% of total collected adult mosquito respectively; 4^th instar larvae rates of Armigeres flavus and Cx. mimeticus were higher than the others, their rates were 43.42% and 18.86% of total collected Ⅳ-larvae respectively. Conclusion Mosquito species were very rich in Muangsing county of Luangmamtha province, Lao PDR, and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus and An. sinensis belonged to local predominant mosquito species, the results hinted local health department should strengthen mosquito-borne infectious diseases monitoring.